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ката на Апасмара може да насочва към страховитата примка паша (pāśa) на Яма. На повечето
изображения Натараджа има рана от змия на по-долу разположената си дясна ръка, а Апасма-
ра държи кобра с разперена качулка в лявата си ръка. Архетипно змията, която ежегодно сме-
ня кожата си, се свързва с дълголетието и подмладяването и може да се тълкува като тъмния
аспект на времето. Самият Натараджа, а и Яма (хомологичен на Кала, времето, а и на Апасма-
ра) е времето. За Натараджа допълнителни насоки в тази посока е барабанът, създаващ ритми-
чен звук, традиционно свързан с аспекта „създаване“. Времево значение, но с наблягане върху
преходността, може да се предположи за черепа, който често е част от короната и потенциално
поглъщащия света огън – „огънят на времето“ (калагни kālāgni) в задната му лява ръка. 22

Библиография (цитирани в откъсите заглавия)
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Excerpts from “Forward to the Past, Back to the Future”

Selected parts from “Forward to the Past, Back to the Future. Ideas about Time in Ancient India”
by Prof. Dr Gergana Ruseva: “Preface”, “Time as Revealed in Language” (excerpts), and “The Dance of
Shiva”. Gergana Ruseva is Professor in Sanskrit at Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”. She has mas-
ter’s degrees in nuclear and particle physics, and in Indology, and a PhD in Indian linguistics. Is author
of numerous scientific publications and translations into Bulgarian from Vedic and Sanskrit – of
hymns from Rigveda and Atharvaveda, Upanishads, stories about Vetala. The monograph is based on
a linguistic and cultural analysis of ancient Indian literary sources, from which passages are included
in the original and in Bulgarian translation. Through ancient images, symbols, language and texts, it
presents the unknowable essence of the time-deity, of the inexorable time-law. Published by East-West
Publishing House, Sofia, 2023.

22 Kaimal 1999, Wessels-Mevissen 2012.